Red River of the North

The Red River () is a North American river. Formed by the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers in the United States, it flows northward through the Red River Valley and forms the border between the U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota before continuing into Manitoba, Canada. At its mouth the river flows into Lake Winnipeg. The Red River flows through several major urban areas along its path including Fargo-Moorhead and Greater Grand Forks in the United States and Winnipeg in Canada. The Red is about long. Red River of the North, Minnsota DNR The US portion is long and the Canadian portion is . Red River Map 3, Minnesota DNR; map shows the international border at river mile 155. The river falls on its trip to Lake Winnipeg where it spreads into the vast deltaic wetland known as Netley Marsh. In the United States, the Red River is sometimes called the Red River of the North which helps to distinguish it from the other Red River which is a tributary of the Mississippi River that forms part of the border between Texas and Oklahoma. In Canada, the Red has been designated as a Canadian Heritage River.

Geography

, as viewed from the Grand Forks side of the river]]Along its course, the Red River flows across the flat, fertile flood plain of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz. The Red River forms at Wahpeton, North Dakota and Breckenridge, Minnesota, passes through Fargo, North Dakota/Moorhead, Minnesota and Grand Forks, North Dakota/East Grand Forks, Minnesota, and then continues on to the province of Manitoba in Canada. Manitoba's capital — Winnipeg — is at the Red's confluence with the Assiniboine River, at a point commonly referred to as The Forks. The Red then flows further north before draining into Lake Winnipeg which is part of the Hudson Bay watershed.

Southern Manitoba has a fairly long frost-free season, consisting of between 120 and 140 days in the Red River Valley. This decreases to the northeast.Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2005 © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Retrieved on: October 18, 2008.

History

, as viewed from the Fargo side of the river]]Originally part of Rupert's Land, the Red was a key river in the early settlement of Canada, a centre of the fur trade and the Métis people, and the site of the Red River Colony — the primary settlement of which eventually became Winnipeg, Manitoba.

The River is well known for flooding in spring due to snow runoff, and has been a topic of "paleoflood" study. Paleofloods in the Red River Basin Although only three major floods are generally talked about since Europeans have settled in the area, in 1826, 1950 and 1997, there have been many other floods of equal size and even larger ones that can be studied due to their effects on the local landforms. Major Historical Floods in the Red River Basin

1950 flood

thumb|right|200px|Red River in [1]]

On May 8, 1950 the Red River reached its highest level since 1861. Eight dikes protecting Winnipeg gave way and flooded much of the city, turning of farmland into an enormous lake. The city turned to the Canadian Army and the Red Cross for help, and nearly 70,000 people were evacuated from their homes and businesses (which was one of the largest in Canadian history). Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $600 million and $1 billion.

As a result of the floods, a flood control project was started to ensure the same would never happen again. The Red River Floodway was cause for some derision at the time, as it seemed massively overbuilt and was the largest earth-moving project in the world at the time. The project was completed under-budget, and has been used for at least some flood control twenty times in the thirty-seven years from its completion to 2006. The Floodway has saved an estimated $10 billion (CAD) in flood damages.

1997 flood

In the spring of 1997 a major flood of the Red River caused $3.5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation of towns and cities on both sides of the border.

Notes

External links

• Canadian Council for Geographic Education page with a series of articles on the history of the Red River.
• Geological Survey of Canada page describing the nature and history of Red River floods.
• Minnesota DNR Red River website